Analysis of the Poem “The Second Coming” by William Butler Yeats Essay Example

Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats Essay One of the most resounding names in the discussion of 20th century literature is of the great William Butler Yeats. His works and even his biography are staple study materials for those who endeavor in literature studies. With that being said, it would also be important to study one of his greatest works. One of his best known works, also considered one of his finest, is the poem â€Å"The Second Coming.† Many artists claim that they were influenced by William Butler Yeats and this particular poem has been cited by other works of art. With that taken into consideration, many works of art by other artists can be considered offshoots of Yeats’ poem. It could also be assumed that in a way, this particular poem had somehow influence the art that we are experiencing today. This paper would attempt to present and analyze Yeats’ poem and look into the different aspects why it had become popular among poets and enthusiasts of poetry. Objectives The paper would not delve into a vicious criticism of the work at hand. The main objective would be to present the poem as not merely a poem, but a work of art that needs a deeper view and profound appreciation. Moreover, this particular poem had influenced many other artists. That would only mean that the influence of Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† would be visible in many other works of art. It is an assumption that after an analysis of the poem, we would be able to determine how it had influenced other works of art. In simpler terms, if we would try to understand the poem, we would be granted a better understanding of the poem at hand and of the other works. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is a popular notion in the world of poetry that once an author had explained his or her work, the poem is being stripped of its divine quality. It is just fortunate that the author did not design this poem in an explicit manner.   Another popular notion in the world of art is that explicitness is dangerous to any form of art. And so, setting aside those popular notions, the work at hand belongs to the genre of poetry. Poetry is often coined as the art of misleading, it often leaves the readers scratching their heads. With all of that being said, reading a review before or after tackling a poem would undeniably be of great help to readers. The author Before we traverse further in the discussion, it would be helpful to have a brief overview of the author’s background. The objective of this part follows the logic of an old saying that tells us that the fruit doesn’t fall very far from the tree. The relationship of the fruit and the tree is just the same case for poems and poets. That is because we can understand a work better if we have an idea of the person that had come up with the work. William Butler Yeats is an Irish writer born and educated in the city of Dublin. He was born on the thirteenth of June 1865, and had passed away on the twenty-eighth of January 1939. As stated in the introduction, he would be a great representative of literature during the 20th century. He had endeavored in multiple genres of literature, but the most significant ones would be in drama and poetry. As a testament to his success as a writer, he had been a recipient of the highly-coveted Nobel Prize for literature (Foster 6-27). And of course, there is the worldwide readership and his influence that has spanned generations. nbsp; The poem Since the poem is not that long, it would be better for this paper to include the poem within its contents. The inclusion of the work to be analyzed would enable us to consult the work whenever we need to. Moreover, a review of the work is undeniably essential to any analysis. The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity nbsp; Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of the Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: somewhere in the sands of the desert A shape with lion body and the head of man, A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds. The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? (Yeats 403) Brief background of the poem Yeats’ poem entitled â€Å"The Second Coming† was first printed in the American Magazine â€Å"The Dial† in November of 1920. The first printing was followed by the inclusion of the poem in Yeats’ collection of poems entitled â€Å"Michael Robartes and the Dancer† in 1921. The poem is known to be written during 1919, just after World War I. (Brown 71-72) Definition of terms The word gyre is one of the most noticeable unfamiliar terms in the poem. A gyre basically refers to a spinning vortex. The word is usually used to allude to the movements of oceanic and wind currents. Yeats had already incorporated the term in his book â€Å"A Vision†, which was published in 1925. Another term in poem that is calling attention is â€Å"spiritus mundi.† The term basically translates to the â€Å"spirit of the world.† The concept is in-line with Yeats’ belief that every mind of all individuals is somehow linked to a single vast intelligence (Foster 44) And for us to understand more of nature of some of the lines, we need to consult some works of other writers. The echoing lines in the last part of the first stanza â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity.† It is said that those lines are in reference to the famous passages of the story Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley. According to Yeats himself, during his childhood he had read Shelley’s book religiously and it had been an influence ever since (Foster 402) â€Å"The Second Coming† is of course in reference to the prophecy about second coming of Christ. This prophecy could be located in the bible specifically in the books of Matthew and the Revelations. Writing style At first glance, readers could carelessly conclude that the poem is a free-verse. The poem seemingly does not follow any rhyme scheme and meter whatsoever. But after orally reading the poem, that is when readers could easily appreciate the intricate design of the poem. If the poem â€Å"The Second Coming† would be categorized according to a sub-genre of poetry, it would belong to the â€Å"lyrical† style of poetry. As the name suggests, lyric poems is basically a kind of poetry that, just like a song, has musical qualities incorporated within it. And of course, to make a poem lyrical would mean to put rhymes for the poem to make distinct sounds. Although there are some, there are not many rhymes in the poem. In contrast to most classic poems, the number of end-rhymes was only reduced only into two in this particular poem. The few end-rhymes are: â€Å"hold† along with â€Å"world†, and although repetitive â€Å"hand† along with â€Å"hand.† Although there were only a few end-rhymes, the poem was interspersed with internal rhyming. But the internal rhyming that Yeats had done is not as technical as it sounds. He had just repeated some of the words to achieve the effect of internal rhymes. As we could observe in the poem â€Å"turning and turning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer†, â€Å"surely some revelation is at hand† / â€Å"surely the Second Coming is at hand† (Yeats 403) The overall effect to the combination of the handful of internal rhymes and the few petty end-rhymes enables the poem to sound as if there are echoes. This effect is best described by the second line â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer.† Brown was able to describe the effect of the poem in a more technical manner. According to him, the lack of form and the emphasis on the repetitions creates an impression to the readers that a poetry that has no form is just enough to describe the concept of â€Å"The Second Coming†Ã¢â‚¬â€as if it is just a captured dream or a recorded hallucination. (Brown 72) The rhyming is not only the element of poetry that some readers might overlook. Reading the poem only visually would not enable the reader to determine that there is an underlying metric pattern within the poem. This particular metric pattern is known as the iambic pentameter, a metric pattern that is often associated with Shakespeare and other classic poets. The iambic pentameter is basically a metric pattern commonly characterized by a line being made up of five iambic feet. Here is a rough illustration of the iambic pentameter: duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM. And now here are the lines of the poem according to the illustration of the iambic pentameter: turn ING / and TURN / ing IN / the WIDE / ning GYRE†¦ surely LY / some RE / ve LA / tion IS / at HAND. Although the iambic pentameter is one of the most fundamental and recognizable metric patterns in poetry, it is just understandable that it would be hard for some to locate it in this particular poem. The poem does not follow an iambic pentameter as its only metric pattern, the first lines of each stanza follow the metric pattern called trochee. A trochee is basically a line that consists of a stressed syllable that is followed by an unstressed syllable. Themes To analyze the poem in a technical aspect like meter and rhyme may take some time and much research. But even at the first reading, one could easily see that the poem is rich in imagery, personification, irony, exaggeration, and of course, symbolisms. Its richness as a text makes the poem a versatile piece for plain poetry enthusiasts and for those who endeavors in rigorous literature studies. Perhaps the success of the poem owes much to the fact that there are many themes that can be unearthed from the poem. It is very likely that the one of the themes that a reader could immediately assume is that the poem takes on religion. There is a considerable count of words that connote the topic of religion. Even the title alone, â€Å"The Second Coming†, already directs us to the discussion of Christ or even Christianity in general. The concept of the â€Å"Second Coming† is considered a prophecy. It was prophesized in the bible, particularly in the books of Matthew and the Revelations, that there would be a second reappearance of Christ.   This prophecy is an integral part of the Christian faith and one of the reasons why Christians follow the teachings of the church.   And just like in the bible, some also consider Yeats poem as prophetic. The form of the poem is like a prophecy of the impending randomness that we are all to experience in gyre called society. On the other hand, it could also be that Yeats is taking the side of religion as â€Å"the falcon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Christians] â€Å"†¦cannot hear the falconer† [God]. It could be about the gradual degeneration of the level of faith of people on religion. In the phrase â€Å"the best lack conviction†, the best could be an allusion to Christians.   That is as opposed to phrase â€Å"the worst are full of passionate intensity†, in which the worst could be an allusion to non-Christians. It seems that Yeats had juxtaposed Christians to the other religions. And in his portrayal it seems that the non-Christians are having the upper hand in terms of having a â€Å"passionate intensity† with regards to faith. Moreover, the birthplace of Christ, Bethlehem, is mentioned in the last line of the poem â€Å"slouches towards Bethlehem to be born†? Many see religion as a dominant theme of the poem because Yeats is known for his fascination with the spiritual and the mythological. The words that can be associated with religion are ceremony, revelation, Spiritus Mundi, and Bethlehem. As a support for Yeats’ reputation of having a fascination for the spiritual and the mythological is the inclusion of a sphinx-like creature. This sphinx-like creature could be located in the line â€Å"a shape with lion body and the head of a man.† Yeats seems to have a fondness of mythological creatures such as the sphinx. There are many other works of Yeats that cite the sphinx. It should be taken into consideration that the sphinx is regarded as a religious icon in ancient Egypt. Aside from religion and spiritual themes, themes that take a political and societal tone are also present in the poem. The line â€Å"the falcon cannot hear the falconer† could be roughly interpreted to the subordinate cannot hear the leader.   And if the gyre is considered as a metaphor for the society, it is constantly widening. In relation to the poem, a widening gyre would mean that the spinning would be more turbulent. Yeats may have wanted to say that as time passes, the problem of the degeneration of society is getting more and more out of hand. Yeats had also seemingly stated his view of the society. The line â€Å"things fall apart, the centre cannot hold† could be alluding to the arguably degeneration of the society as it is swaying away from the old ways and adopting new ideas. But perhaps out of all the lines of the poem, the line â€Å"mere anarchy is loosed upon the world†, is the line that gives the poem a political flavor. The inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy† alone is almost enough to lead readers to the theme of politics. If the reader would read Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† during times of political instability, the reader could even generalize that the poem is basically about revolutions, insurgencies, activists, and the likes. The first line â€Å"turning and turning in the widening gyre† could simply mean that political instability is an ongoing trend in our societies. The second line â€Å"the falconer cannot hear the falconer† refers to the constituents of the tyrannical leadership. The people are refusing to hear the falconer’s [tyrant’s] commands. But Yeats had shown in this particular poem that he could be antirevolutionary. Yeats presents the consequences of a revolution â€Å"things fall apart; the centre cannot hold.† The picture that line paints in our minds is a typical picture of revolutions. That line could trigger images of dilapidated buildings, monuments and homes. That line basically refers to the chaos that revolutions could bring. The chaos that the poem had painted would be followed by the inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy.† Then it would all be amplified by the line â€Å"the blood-dimed tide is loosed, and everywhere.† Yeats had also expressed his view on the topic of social classes in this poem. The last lines of the first paragraph â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity† is begging the question: who are the â€Å"best† that are lacking conviction, and who are the â€Å"worst† that are full of passionate intensity? It is not unfamiliar to us that in discussions of social classes, categories are determined as either black or white. An individual could just either be rich or poor, educated and uneducated, and other determinants of social classes. It appears that Yeats’ view is that the privileged strata of the society is lacking faith and the working-class and medium-income part of the society are full of passionate intensity. This portrayal of Yeats is a common scenario in revolutions. The privileged part of the society seem to lack conviction when radical social change is about to happen. Yeats poem would lead the reader to the irony that the poor is the more active participant in the revolutions. That is despite the poor’s depressed and financially-lacking state. It seems that the common scenario in a revolution is that the rich is just standing in the background. That is just understandable as the rich and the poor would always think differently. As the poem says it â€Å"the best lack all conviction†, they do not want any part of the revolution. A likely reason is that they do not want to take part in the revolution is that because of the nature of the word revolution. Conclusion Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† is certainly a controversial poem. Controversial not just because of it is a hybrid of free-verse and form, but also because of the themes that it generates. Nonetheless, the success of the poem is undeniable. The very evidences for that is its inclusion to many anthologies and publications. But the very testament of the poem’s success is that it continually calls controversy even up to this date. Moreover, the title â€Å"The Second Coming† is just aptly given to the poem. Just like the religious concept of the second coming of Christ, the poem also takes such mysterious quality. The â€Å"first coming† for the poem would be its first publication in 1920.   But as opposed to the religious second coming, the poem seems to reappearing again and again. It seems that the past and the future generations would still appreciate the poem for being one of the greatest poems ever written. nbsp; Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats Essay Example Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats Paper One of the most resounding names in the discussion of 20th century literature is of the great William Butler Yeats. His works and even his biography are staple study materials for those who endeavor in literature studies. With that being said, it would also be important to study one of his greatest works. One of his best known works, also considered one of his finest, is the poem â€Å"The Second Coming.† Many artists claim that they were influenced by William Butler Yeats and this particular poem has been cited by other works of art. With that taken into consideration, many works of art by other artists can be considered offshoots of Yeats’ poem. It could also be assumed that in a way, this particular poem had somehow influence the art that we are experiencing today. This paper would attempt to present and analyze Yeats’ poem and look into the different aspects why it had become popular among poets and enthusiasts of poetry. Objectives The paper would not delve into a vicious criticism of the work at hand. The main objective would be to present the poem as not merely a poem, but a work of art that needs a deeper view and profound appreciation. Moreover, this particular poem had influenced many other artists. That would only mean that the influence of Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† would be visible in many other works of art. It is an assumption that after an analysis of the poem, we would be able to determine how it had influenced other works of art. In simpler terms, if we would try to understand the poem, we would be granted a better understanding of the poem at hand and of the other works. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is a popular notion in the world of poetry that once an author had explained his or her work, the poem is being stripped of its divine quality. It is just fortunate that the author did not design this poem in an explicit manner.   Another popular notion in the world of art is that explicitness is dangerous to any form of art. And so, setting aside those popular notions, the work at hand belongs to the genre of poetry. Poetry is often coined as the art of misleading, it often leaves the readers scratching their heads. With all of that being said, reading a review before or after tackling a poem would undeniably be of great help to readers. The author Before we traverse further in the discussion, it would be helpful to have a brief overview of the author’s background. The objective of this part follows the logic of an old saying that tells us that the fruit doesn’t fall very far from the tree. The relationship of the fruit and the tree is just the same case for poems and poets. That is because we can understand a work better if we have an idea of the person that had come up with the work. William Butler Yeats is an Irish writer born and educated in the city of Dublin. He was born on the thirteenth of June 1865, and had passed away on the twenty-eighth of January 1939. As stated in the introduction, he would be a great representative of literature during the 20th century. He had endeavored in multiple genres of literature, but the most significant ones would be in drama and poetry. As a testament to his success as a writer, he had been a recipient of the highly-coveted Nobel Prize for literature (Foster 6-27). And of course, there is the worldwide readership and his influence that has spanned generations. nbsp; The poem Since the poem is not that long, it would be better for this paper to include the poem within its contents. The inclusion of the work to be analyzed would enable us to consult the work whenever we need to. Moreover, a review of the work is undeniably essential to any analysis. The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity nbsp; Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of the Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: somewhere in the sands of the desert A shape with lion body and the head of man, A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds. The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? (Yeats 403) Brief background of the poem Yeats’ poem entitled â€Å"The Second Coming† was first printed in the American Magazine â€Å"The Dial† in November of 1920. The first printing was followed by the inclusion of the poem in Yeats’ collection of poems entitled â€Å"Michael Robartes and the Dancer† in 1921. The poem is known to be written during 1919, just after World War I. (Brown 71-72) Definition of terms The word gyre is one of the most noticeable unfamiliar terms in the poem. A gyre basically refers to a spinning vortex. The word is usually used to allude to the movements of oceanic and wind currents. Yeats had already incorporated the term in his book â€Å"A Vision†, which was published in 1925. Another term in poem that is calling attention is â€Å"spiritus mundi.† The term basically translates to the â€Å"spirit of the world.† The concept is in-line with Yeats’ belief that every mind of all individuals is somehow linked to a single vast intelligence (Foster 44) And for us to understand more of nature of some of the lines, we need to consult some works of other writers. The echoing lines in the last part of the first stanza â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity.† It is said that those lines are in reference to the famous passages of the story Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley. According to Yeats himself, during his childhood he had read Shelley’s book religiously and it had been an influence ever since (Foster 402) â€Å"The Second Coming† is of course in reference to the prophecy about second coming of Christ. This prophecy could be located in the bible specifically in the books of Matthew and the Revelations. Writing style At first glance, readers could carelessly conclude that the poem is a free-verse. The poem seemingly does not follow any rhyme scheme and meter whatsoever. But after orally reading the poem, that is when readers could easily appreciate the intricate design of the poem. If the poem â€Å"The Second Coming† would be categorized according to a sub-genre of poetry, it would belong to the â€Å"lyrical† style of poetry. As the name suggests, lyric poems is basically a kind of poetry that, just like a song, has musical qualities incorporated within it. And of course, to make a poem lyrical would mean to put rhymes for the poem to make distinct sounds. Although there are some, there are not many rhymes in the poem. In contrast to most classic poems, the number of end-rhymes was only reduced only into two in this particular poem. The few end-rhymes are: â€Å"hold† along with â€Å"world†, and although repetitive â€Å"hand† along with â€Å"hand.† Although there were only a few end-rhymes, the poem was interspersed with internal rhyming. But the internal rhyming that Yeats had done is not as technical as it sounds. He had just repeated some of the words to achieve the effect of internal rhymes. As we could observe in the poem â€Å"turning and turning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer†, â€Å"surely some revelation is at hand† / â€Å"surely the Second Coming is at hand† (Yeats 403) The overall effect to the combination of the handful of internal rhymes and the few petty end-rhymes enables the poem to sound as if there are echoes. This effect is best described by the second line â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer.† Brown was able to describe the effect of the poem in a more technical manner. According to him, the lack of form and the emphasis on the repetitions creates an impression to the readers that a poetry that has no form is just enough to describe the concept of â€Å"The Second Coming†Ã¢â‚¬â€as if it is just a captured dream or a recorded hallucination. (Brown 72) The rhyming is not only the element of poetry that some readers might overlook. Reading the poem only visually would not enable the reader to determine that there is an underlying metric pattern within the poem. This particular metric pattern is known as the iambic pentameter, a metric pattern that is often associated with Shakespeare and other classic poets. The iambic pentameter is basically a metric pattern commonly characterized by a line being made up of five iambic feet. Here is a rough illustration of the iambic pentameter: duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM. And now here are the lines of the poem according to the illustration of the iambic pentameter: turn ING / and TURN / ing IN / the WIDE / ning GYRE†¦ surely LY / some RE / ve LA / tion IS / at HAND. Although the iambic pentameter is one of the most fundamental and recognizable metric patterns in poetry, it is just understandable that it would be hard for some to locate it in this particular poem. The poem does not follow an iambic pentameter as its only metric pattern, the first lines of each stanza follow the metric pattern called trochee. A trochee is basically a line that consists of a stressed syllable that is followed by an unstressed syllable. Themes To analyze the poem in a technical aspect like meter and rhyme may take some time and much research. But even at the first reading, one could easily see that the poem is rich in imagery, personification, irony, exaggeration, and of course, symbolisms. Its richness as a text makes the poem a versatile piece for plain poetry enthusiasts and for those who endeavors in rigorous literature studies. Perhaps the success of the poem owes much to the fact that there are many themes that can be unearthed from the poem. It is very likely that the one of the themes that a reader could immediately assume is that the poem takes on religion. There is a considerable count of words that connote the topic of religion. Even the title alone, â€Å"The Second Coming†, already directs us to the discussion of Christ or even Christianity in general. The concept of the â€Å"Second Coming† is considered a prophecy. It was prophesized in the bible, particularly in the books of Matthew and the Revelations, that there would be a second reappearance of Christ.   This prophecy is an integral part of the Christian faith and one of the reasons why Christians follow the teachings of the church.   And just like in the bible, some also consider Yeats poem as prophetic. The form of the poem is like a prophecy of the impending randomness that we are all to experience in gyre called society. On the other hand, it could also be that Yeats is taking the side of religion as â€Å"the falcon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Christians] â€Å"†¦cannot hear the falconer† [God]. It could be about the gradual degeneration of the level of faith of people on religion. In the phrase â€Å"the best lack conviction†, the best could be an allusion to Christians.   That is as opposed to phrase â€Å"the worst are full of passionate intensity†, in which the worst could be an allusion to non-Christians. It seems that Yeats had juxtaposed Christians to the other religions. And in his portrayal it seems that the non-Christians are having the upper hand in terms of having a â€Å"passionate intensity† with regards to faith. Moreover, the birthplace of Christ, Bethlehem, is mentioned in the last line of the poem â€Å"slouches towards Bethlehem to be born†? Many see religion as a dominant theme of the poem because Yeats is known for his fascination with the spiritual and the mythological. The words that can be associated with religion are ceremony, revelation, Spiritus Mundi, and Bethlehem. As a support for Yeats’ reputation of having a fascination for the spiritual and the mythological is the inclusion of a sphinx-like creature. This sphinx-like creature could be located in the line â€Å"a shape with lion body and the head of a man.† Yeats seems to have a fondness of mythological creatures such as the sphinx. There are many other works of Yeats that cite the sphinx. It should be taken into consideration that the sphinx is regarded as a religious icon in ancient Egypt. Aside from religion and spiritual themes, themes that take a political and societal tone are also present in the poem. The line â€Å"the falcon cannot hear the falconer† could be roughly interpreted to the subordinate cannot hear the leader.   And if the gyre is considered as a metaphor for the society, it is constantly widening. In relation to the poem, a widening gyre would mean that the spinning would be more turbulent. Yeats may have wanted to say that as time passes, the problem of the degeneration of society is getting more and more out of hand. Yeats had also seemingly stated his view of the society. The line â€Å"things fall apart, the centre cannot hold† could be alluding to the arguably degeneration of the society as it is swaying away from the old ways and adopting new ideas. But perhaps out of all the lines of the poem, the line â€Å"mere anarchy is loosed upon the world†, is the line that gives the poem a political flavor. The inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy† alone is almost enough to lead readers to the theme of politics. If the reader would read Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† during times of political instability, the reader could even generalize that the poem is basically about revolutions, insurgencies, activists, and the likes. The first line â€Å"turning and turning in the widening gyre† could simply mean that political instability is an ongoing trend in our societies. The second line â€Å"the falconer cannot hear the falconer† refers to the constituents of the tyrannical leadership. The people are refusing to hear the falconer’s [tyrant’s] commands. But Yeats had shown in this particular poem that he could be antirevolutionary. Yeats presents the consequences of a revolution â€Å"things fall apart; the centre cannot hold.† The picture that line paints in our minds is a typical picture of revolutions. That line could trigger images of dilapidated buildings, monuments and homes. That line basically refers to the chaos that revolutions could bring. The chaos that the poem had painted would be followed by the inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy.† Then it would all be amplified by the line â€Å"the blood-dimed tide is loosed, and everywhere.† Yeats had also expressed his view on the topic of social classes in this poem. The last lines of the first paragraph â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity† is begging the question: who are the â€Å"best† that are lacking conviction, and who are the â€Å"worst† that are full of passionate intensity? It is not unfamiliar to us that in discussions of social classes, categories are determined as either black or white. An individual could just either be rich or poor, educated and uneducated, and other determinants of social classes. It appears that Yeats’ view is that the privileged strata of the society is lacking faith and the working-class and medium-income part of the society are full of passionate intensity. This portrayal of Yeats is a common scenario in revolutions. The privileged part of the society seem to lack conviction when radical social change is about to happen. Yeats poem would lead the reader to the irony that the poor is the more active participant in the revolutions. That is despite the poor’s depressed and financially-lacking state. It seems that the common scenario in a revolution is that the rich is just standing in the background. That is just understandable as the rich and the poor would always think differently. As the poem says it â€Å"the best lack all conviction†, they do not want any part of the revolution. A likely reason is that they do not want to take part in the revolution is that because of the nature of the word revolution. Conclusion Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† is certainly a controversial poem. Controversial not just because of it is a hybrid of free-verse and form, but also because of the themes that it generates. Nonetheless, the success of the poem is undeniable. The very evidences for that is its inclusion to many anthologies and publications. But the very testament of the poem’s success is that it continually calls controversy even up to this date. Moreover, the title â€Å"The Second Coming† is just aptly given to the poem. Just like the religious concept of the second coming of Christ, the poem also takes such mysterious quality. The â€Å"first coming† for the poem would be its first publication in 1920.   But as opposed to the religious second coming, the poem seems to reappearing again and again. It seems that the past and the future generations would still appreciate the poem for being one of the greatest poems ever written. nbsp;

Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essays

Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essays Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essay Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essay a feminist viewpoint, a Marxian viewpoint a Freudian psychoanalytical reading etc. ) A text is not produced by an author, but by readers, who themselves are produced by social and political forces. New perspectives frequently attempt to establish their authority by specialized vocabulary (remember this term! ) and extensive appeal to theory. As with all literature we are unable to separate ourselves from our personal interpretation and that of the writers. Works of literature usually lead to various interpretations differing from era to context to experience. Each interpretation of Hamlet brings different elements to the forefront. Without these interpretations of Hamlet one may not be able to feel as though they receive a full understanding of the play and a lack of connection may become a dislike of the play rather than a love for the tragic tale. Shakespeare possibly has his own interpretation of the play. The writer merely sets words to the page; it is our job to make them our own.

Personal journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal journal - Essay Example At least I’ll have my own four wheels and freedom to get places I need to be. It’s funny because I know I’ll mostly be using it to get to school and work on time. Oh well, it’s still liberating to know you have your own car; a vehicle you can use anytime you want to. Sometimes I notice people and the types of cars they drive. It almost defines them and their personality. I saw an elderly lady driving the other day, hands firmly on the wheel, back slightly hunched, eyes focused, and forehead wrinkled in concentration. She was driving a neat little, Ford, a family car suitable for basic day to day needs and errands. Something safe, reliable, and comforting, just like her. I wonder if people will look and analyze me when I’m sitting in my car driving down the street. First, I need to pick one out though. God, I hope I don’t get something too shabby. Maybe I’ll get it painted a bright blue or even silver to make it cooler. I’ll be o ne of the first ones among my friends to have one. We would all be able to hang out more often once school is over; cruising down in my car I don’t have yet. I still have to get a summer job though. I’ll start looking at the wanted ads tomorrow. I’ll talk to my dad again tonight and see for sure how much he can pitch in. I’ll be able to help around more with outside chores and tasks. Yeah that’ll be a good starting point to reel in my dad.

Globalization and Technological Revolution Term Paper

Globalization and Technological Revolution - Term Paper Example Organizations in the international arena typically follow low cost, low-risk entry strategies. Apart from low-risk organizations always consider the political, legal and economic factors of national environments. Accordingly, the competition for FDI would be based increasingly on cost differences between locations, the quality of infrastructure and business-related services, the ease of doing business, and the availability of skills. Organizations are attracted to FDI when they offered a competitive advantage over locals, a lower cost for labor and/or physical resources, secure access to physical resources, proximity to major markets and increased market share, Countries attract FDI if they provide certain facilities to organizations. In this regard, UNCTAD (2002) developed a 12 point criteria, named the inward FDI potential index capture several factors apart from market size (Appendix -1). Now we will analyze the case study- Ireland 2004. Starting with the concept of GDP as it refl ects the income of the people within the country; it also shows the capacity especially purchasing power of the people; it also reflects the demand for the commodities and services. As provided in the case study, the GDP per head (US$: market exchange rate) Ireland in 2003 is $ 37,911 and GDP per head (US$: Purchasing power parity) is 32, 916. Even the real GDP growth rate during 1999-2003 stood around 7.1%. Irish GDP grew at 9.9% per annum during the period 1996-2000. But the GDP growth has slowed down during 2003 due to weak global demand and several other factors. Now if we analyze Irish real GDP growth with most of the countries in Europe, US or Japan we find that GDP growth rate is much higher in Ireland in comparison to UK, France, Germany, US or Japan. So it shows that Ireland economy is expanding and the income level of people are going up which may result in an increase in demand. So companies have enough opportunities to invest in Ireland. The rate of growth of GPD over th e last 5 years when the reforms actually started is around 7-8% which could be seen as a remarkable growth rate if we compare it with other countries in the vicinity.

The Fundamentalism And Caste Conflict Phenomenons Religion Essay

The Fundamentalism And Caste Conflict Phenomenons Religion Essay Fundamentalism and Casteism are considered as two different phenomenons. Whereby both these terminologies have been approached probably as different issues lying in the present Indian scenario. Conflict, as well, seems to be considered as the outcome of these issues. However, there is an attempt made in this paper to find out firstly, what fundamentalism means, secondly how fundamentalism becomes the base for Casteism; thirdly how Casteism paved the way for different conflicts; and finally, this paper deals with the Pastoral Response from the Pastoral Care and Counselling perspective to the caste conflict situation, which emerged from fundamentalism. Though Fundamentalism itself has the wide range of definition and yet not confined to a particular definition, in order to limit the scope of this paper, the definition of the term Fundamentalism is narrowed down to the foundational understanding of the Caste System. Nevertheless, this paper tries to interact with these isms from their b asic understanding and what upshot they have brought to the society. 1. Fundamentalism What does it mean? Fundamentalism is the practice of following very strictly the basic rules and teachings of any religion defines Oxford Advance learners Dictionarys seventh edition. Steven Jones, a research scholar from Virginia University describes that the term fundamentalism was initiated in the series of booklets authored and published by leading Evangelical churchmen in US between 1910 and 1915. However, the term was given full strength in 1920 after Curtis Lee Laws appropriated the term `fundamentalist as a designation for those who were ready to do battle royal for the Fundamentals.' M.M.Thomas comments, These booklets opposed the application of modern critical historical approach to the bible and the traditional dogmas of Christianity, because in their opinion, it would destroy their supranatural and supernatural elements which belong to their very essence. Though the definition of this term has wide range of meaning, yet a fundamentalist is reckoned as the strict follower of a particular religions teachings and its beliefs. James Barr states Fundamentalism is based on a particular kind of religious tradition, and uses the form, rather than reality, of biblical authority to provide a shield for this tradition. Even, Bruce Lawrence in his book Defenders of God defines fundamentalism as: The affirmation of religious authority as holistic and absolute, admitting of neither criticism nor reduction; it is expressed through the collective demand that specific creedal and ethical dictates derived from the scriptures be publicly recognized and legally enforced. David Frawley views that, Fundamentalists generally hold to their religions older social customs and refuse to integrate into the broader stream of modern society which recognizes freedom of religious belief. In agreement to this statement, Dr.Ramendra identifies, fundamentalism means be lief in  the literal truth of religious scriptures and fundamental religious beliefs of any religion. For Altmeyer and Hunsinger fundamentalism is the belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contains the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential, inerrant truth about humanity and deity; that this essential truth is fundamentally opposed by forces of evil which must be vigorously fought; that this truth must be followed today according to the fundamental, unchangeable practices of the past; and that those who believe and follow these fundamental teachings have a special relationship with the deity. As a whole, though the term fundamentalism is widely used with different connotations, still it cannot be denied that the term basically used with religious notion and it stands for it till today whether stand for inerrancy of truth or militancy in its outlook. M.M.Thomas, Citing V.M.Tarkhundess statement, says Fundamentalism consists of uncritical adherence to an cient beliefs and practices. On the other hand, Fundamentalism is probably viewed as the counter institution to Liberalism, Modernism and Secularism. The fundamentalist movement tries to preserve what it considers the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologians. Fundamentalism designates what is more generally called a conservative type of Christian thought, as opposed to the liberal or modernist tendencies. M.M.Thomas states It may also arise from the insecurity of faith when its religious expressions are faced with the necessity to change.and Fundamentalism emerged out of reaction to closed secularism Erskine Clarke utters that Fundamentalists resist secularisation and the cultural elements of modernity Accordibng to Marsden, an American fundamentalist is an evangelical who is militant in opposition to liberal theology in the churches or to changes in cultural values or mores, such as those associated with secular humanism. In his note, he says, in recent years been applied by analogy to any militantly traditional religion, such as Islamic fundamentalism. M.M.Thomas opines, It is justifiable to characterise as fundamentalist similar movements in any religion which buttress traditional beliefs and social order from reform or change Over all, Fundamentalism can be defined as strictly following of religious beliefs and traditions as well as it is a counter attitude against modernity which hails secularism and liberalism. With this definition, let us move on to analyse the caste system in India. 2. Caste: Does it emerge from Fundamentalism? On its outlook, everyone would say that Caste system is probably not an outcome of Fundamentalism because both of them are different issues. Whereby, in this paper an argument is proposed that Casteism in India is one of the fruits of Fundamentalism. Though Caste System itself has the attitude of fundamentalism, the primary focus of this paper is how Casteism can be the victim of fundamentalism. There were many who fought like B.R.Ambedkar, Periyar, Jothiba Phule and Panditha Ramambai for the eradication of this canker system, hence it still rules the Indian society because of its deep roots in the Indian Soil. In order to substantiate the argument, it is good to view the definition and origin of the Caste system in India. The word caste, which is of Spanish and Portuguese origin, is derived from Latin Castus which means pure. However, the Portuguese word casta means breed, race or kind. It seems that the word was used by the Portuguese to denote Indian social classification says Bal Krishna Sharma. Seligman describes caste as an endogamous and hereditary subdivision of an ethnic unit occupying a position of superior or inferior rank or social esteem in comparison with other such subdivision. Nesfield and Sir H.Risley also support this view. Ketkar defines caste as (1) membership is confined to those who are born of members and includes all persons so born; (2) the members are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the group. Thus, caste is a stratified system in which each segment has its identity with a common name, origin and strictly specified inter-group relations. Each group is endogamous, traditionally following an occupation and enjoying a particular postion in the social hierar chy, built around the opposition of purity and pollution. The groups are localised, but keep social distance between them. However, Casteism arises out of Hindu philosophy and becomes the beacon of the unique identity of the Hindu Society. Oxford Dictionary defines as any of the four main division of the Hindu society, originally than made according to function in the society. T.K.Oomen states, What is unique to India is the all pervasive Caste hierarchy, legitimised through the Hindu doctrine of Karma and reincarnation. P.K.Kar elucidates that the beginning of Caste system is in the Hindu philosophy of four varnas. Ambrose Pinto cites Ambedkars view that the sanction behind the caste system is the religious sanction, for, the caste as the new form of varna system derives its sanction from the Vedas which form the sacred books of the Hindu religion and which are infallible. I say unfortunately because anything, which has a religious sanction, becomes by virtue of it sacred and eternal. To the Hindu, caste is sacred and caste is eternal. Max Weber Cited by Toppo states, Caste, that is, the ritual and righ ts and duties it gives and imposes, and the position of the Brahmans, is the fundamental institution of Hinduism. Before everything else, without caste there is no Hindu. Thus, the caste system in India belongs to Hindu Philosophy which emerges from Vedas and Upanishads. Whereas this system is cemented by the code of Manu, called Manava Dharma Shastra or Manusmirti. Dr.Ramendra says, According to Manusmriti, anybody who argues critically and logically about  dharmashastras ought to be ostracized. With the above information, let us now look at the similarities between Fundamentalism and Casteism. Basically, both these isms consider the religious beliefs, teachings, and tradition as their base. Another aspect is their strong opposition to modernism. While modernism supports liberalism and secularism, the caste system in India can witness its strong roots in the Indian Soil. For which, the recent issues like Honour Killing, the atrocities against Dalits and the demand for caste base census all show the very fact that though India achieves many things with modernity, yet is under the strong bondage of Casteism. Dr.K.S.Jacob states, While the secular, socialistic and democratic principles enshrined in the constitution demand equality of outcomes, the inherent caste-related inequality continues to dominate reality in Indian society. M.M.Thomas claims ,Purity and impurity ideas were the religious foundation of caste and it is the return to it by the middle class for spiritual and ec onomic stability that makes their shift from secularism to hindutva. It is painful to note the caste embracement is not only of Hinduism, but also it has its strong footage in Isalam and Christianity too in the recent past. One may probably question, why such evil system in these religions? The answer drawn by Koilaparampil when talking about Caste among Christians, he states the rank of the Christian in the local community continues to depend on the Caste from which he was converted and this persists to the third and forth generation. As M.M.Thomas states Fundamentalism consists of uncritical adherence to ancient beliefs and practices may probably support this notion when we compare Caste among Christian and Fundamentalism. As Caste is considered important for identification, may also support the above view. Finally both these issues may Probably lead towards conflict or violence. The recent murder in Khairlanji, a village in Maharashtra depicts the picture of the caste systems rule yet in Indian soil. Thus, Casteism can probably consider as the fruit of fundamentalism and this leads to the present day Caste conflicts. 3. Conflict Etymologically the term conflict is derived from con-fligere (Latin) denoting to strike together. It implies fight, clash, sharp or mild disagreement or even antagonism. Rachel Bagh cites William W.Wilmot and Joyce L.Hockers definition conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce, resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals. Alan C.FIlley defines conflict as a process which takes place between two or more parties. By parties he refers to individuals, groups, or organizations. Whereby, he explains, Within our various social relationships are some which involve real or perceived differences between two or more parties. Where the interests of the parties are mutually exclusive that is, where the gain of one partys goal is at the cost of the others, or where the parties have different values- then the resulting social interaction between the parties contains fertile ground for conflict. Accordi ng to Lewis A.Coser, conflict is a struggle over values or claims of status, power and scarce resources, in which the aims of the conflicting parties are not only to gain the desired values but also to neutralize, injure or eliminate their rivals. Such conflicts may take place between individuals and between collectivities. Intra group as well as inter group conflicts are perennial feature of social life. B.J.Prashantham states Incompatible goals and means of achieving them can lead conflicts in inter-personal relations as would, differences in perception, communication styles, personality differences, personal interests and ideology. Thus, Maria Arul Raja comments, Whenever human agency is alive and active, they appear rather clearly, in a positive or negative manner. Conflict, thus. Can be defined as the struggle between two persons or parties aiming at some goal to achieve. Conflict is categorised under four divisions; they are intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-group and inter-group. Intra-Personal It is conflict within a person. Murry states that according to psychologists there is a crowd in each of us. For which he elucidates, there is a conflict between the spending self and saving self of a person when he received money. For him, Sigmund Freuds theory of a person as a composite of three forces (the Id, the Ego, the Super-Ego) each with different wishes and standards and Eric Bernes theory of a person as a composite of three different ego-states (Parent ego, Adult ego, and Child ego) with three different attitudes to life and the environment, are the best witnesses for explaining intra personal conflict. Inter-Personal This is a conflict between two individuals. Each person has different needs, values system, a world view and wants. When people with these differing dispositions meet, they clash. The difference may further widen by difference in sex, race, class and creed and social conflict becomes inevitable. Intra-Group and Inter-Group Inter-group and even intra-group conflict can arise due to differences in goals, values, loyalties and heritage. Race, region, creed, nationalities, and ideologies are among the factors causing inter-group conflicts. Members of different groups develop inter-group loyalties and perceive the other groups with disinterest, prejudice, and antagonism. Therefore, conflict arises in any one form of the above. It is important to note that a persons behaviour may affect his personality as well as others. Alfred Adler states that a man is motivated primarily by social urges. Behaviourist therapy considers outward behaviours are the result of faulty, maladaptive learning from the environment. So, conflict in the inter personal or inter group level may spring out because of the intra personal conflict. Besides, for the interpersonal conflicts, P.K.Kar narrates, lower castes in India who are disabled from the social, economic, educational and religious viewpoint, most often become aware of their position and resent oppression and discrimination by higher castes. This change in the outlook of the lower castes culminates in inter caste conflicts. The Khairlanji Murder is the best example of this cause. Another present reality issue in the Indian scenario is Honour killings. This issue is the reaction to inter-caste marriages is much stronge r and violent when the girl marries a dalit or into a lower caste than her own, Says Times of India. Knowing the fact that the Caste is one of the sources of conflict, now we move on to the next section where we can draw some useful responses to resolve the conflict from the Pastoral Care and Counselling perspective. 4. A Pastoral Response to Caste Conflict Pastoral Care and Counselling in the words of William A.Clebsch and Charles R.Jackle is defined as a helping act, done by representative Christian persons, directed towards the healing, sustaining, guiding, and reconciling of troubled persons whose troubles arise in the context of ultimate meanings and concerns. Thus, a Pastor or a Christain counsellor is the one who helps people in times of their trouble. For which, C.W.Bristar expresses, the Churchs ministry is personal and social, ranging from individual salvation and guidance to mutual support and social welfare. Rachel Bagh refers that we are called to the ministry of reconciliation/peacemaking (2Cor. 5:17-20). So, the role of the Counsellor in the conflict resolution is crucial and necessary in order to help persons to liberate from the bondage of Conflict. Probably, there may be diverse opinions and suggestion for the conflict resolution, hence hereby some pastoral responses are placed knowingly the limitation of this paper. Preparation of the Counsellor In order to have a fruitful reconciliation ministry, the preparation of the Counsellor is crucial. For which Augsburger suggests that the mediators seek progressively sharpen their basic skills of empathy, active listening, sensitivity to needs of parties, sense of timing, verbal and non-verbal communication skills, capacity to maintain neutrality while remaining in contact, and ability to understand the stages of negotiation and conflict resolution. Along with this, Rachel Bagh suggests that the mediator should be trustworthy and confidential. Besides, the counsellor need to sense the presence of Holy Spirit and can probably utilise religious recourses (like Prayer, Scripture and etc.) and Religious symbols (Theological symbols like Grace, forgiveness, Atonement and so on) in the counselling process. Thus, the preparation of the counsellor is necessary before the counselling process starts in caste conflict resolution. Preparation of the Counselee Preparing for Acceptance Acceptence is the basic aspect in conflict resolution. Conflict arise when one person thinks that he is superior. Both Fundamentalism and caste sytem have the attitude of Superiority. Whereby others those who dont follow the norms of the fundamentalists are considered as the enemies of fundamentalism. This attitude creates conflict. The inferior attitude of oneself leads to inferiority complex, aggression, fear, anxiety and so on. This postulates the intrapersonal conflict. Whereby, superior attitude leads to interpersonal or inter-group conflict too. The counsellor needs to encourage the client to consider other human as human and should help him/her to respect each other. As Carl Rogers proposes, Unconditional Positive Regard need to be important in resolving the problem. The best example of this acceptance would be Jesus. As Murry states, Christians are the members of the new humanity in Christ whose thoughts and actions are directed by the principles of Christ. Thus, the counsell or helps the client to prepare himself to accept each other. Encouraging for love your Neighbour Another important aspect in conflict resolution is encouraging the client to love other even enemies. Rational emotive Therapy of Albert Ellis highlights irrational beliefs and perception leads to distortion of personality. Both caste system and Fundamentalism imposes hatred rather love with the irrational religious beliefs. For example, Ambrose Pinto in his article Caste conflict in Karnataka, indirectly quotes the major crisis of the conflict in Idapanur is hatred between different castes. However, God expects us to Love others (John 15:12). Murry states that the plain truth about God and the Christians is that God wants the Christians in every situation to love the other humans (even enemies), to forgive the others more than once, to seek also the interests of the others, to do the others as he/she would like to do to him/her. Making a Sense of Reconciliation The conservative concept is that never reconcile with anybody. Fundamentalism is on that line the same way, though many improvements in the society arise, still we hear about caste discrimination and caste biased atrocities. This shows the strength of non-reconciliation. Whereas, conflict resolution hangs on acceptance, Love one another and forgivenss. The spirit of forgiveness leads towards reconciliation. Murry, states that The Christ-event in history is symbolized by the shape of the cross Christ died on the vertical line symbolizing God-human reconciliation accomplished, and the horizontal beam symbolizing the imperative of human-human reconciliation if humans should avail the efficacy of Christs redemption. The cross of Christ reminds us of Gods love, humility, forgiveness, and vicarious death for those who broke His heart should e the reference point for the Christians in dealing with any kind of conflict; personal, communal or global. Ps. 85:10, 2 Cor. 13:11, Rom. 5:1, Eph. 2 :14). Eric Bernes Transactional Analysis explains the three ego states (Parent ego, adult ego, and child ego). According to Murry, The over dependence on either one ego states will result in conflict. So, all these three to some proportions are required in a person. The counselee has to be reminded of forgiving each other and accept each other without comments. Creating the sense of Wholeness Conflict damages the personality. As Fritz Perls views, many personalities as lacking wholeness, as being fragmented and people are often aware of only parts of themselves rather than of the whole self. further he states that the Gestalt therapists assist to discover clients self and mobilize it for greater effectiveness. Fundamentalism and Caste System segregate the human socity and also looks other with negative cannotation. Whereas the prime concern of Christian understanding is to bring back the fragmentd humanity to experience wholeness growth. Liberation is one of the aspect in redeeming wholeness, says Clinebell. However, fundamentalism and Casteism opposes the liberation aspect. But in resolving the conflict, the counsellor need to bring the counslee into the sense of liberation to attain Wholeness. Building the community of Shalom Finally, the pastoral response to Caste conflict as conflict resolution is building the community of peace and harmony. The major hindrance of Fundamentalism and Casteism is their approach with humanity and society. These both compartmentalise the society and break the human relationship. The stratified system of the society on the basis of Law code of Manu, had not only divided the Indian Society but also created enmity. Whwn God creted, he wanted that the creation to live harmoniously. Whereas the present situation goes upside down. However, the conflict resolution needs to build the community not to destroy. Conclusion Fundamentalism is of following strictly the teachings and tradition of a religion. Whereby, the existence of Caste system demonstrates that the root of the Casteism comes from the Indian religious traditions and Hindu philosophy. No one can deny, both these issues are interrelated by their idealogy too after it has been discussed broadly in this paper. Nevertheless, these evil practices not only helped the seeds of conflict to grow but also claimed many lives in order to satisfy its thirst. Hence, the role of a Christian minister or Counsellor is crucial at this juncture. If a Chritian misiter give totally for the sake of building the shalom community, hope the kingdom of God will be rooted on this earth. For concluding this paper, it will probably be worth quoting Dyanchnad Carrs statements. in the cse of local and micro level conflicts the hurt memories do play an important role both in keeping alive the dormant of volcano of resentment and anger as well as in fanning them into fi res of conflagration. We need to do all we can diffuse the situation and bring about a reconciled peace.

Pearl Harbor :: American History World War 2 WWII

Hawaii's Pearl Harbor is one of the most well known military installations in the world. On December 7, 1941 Japanese fighter planes attacked the United States Naval base Pearl Harbor killing more than 2300 Americans. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto had conceived the surprise attack. Commander Mitsuo Fuchida led the striking force of 353 Japanese aircraft. There had been no formal declaration of war. There were approximately 100 ships of the United States navy present that morning, and it was known as Battleship Row. Battleship Row consisted of battleships, destroyers, cruisers, and other various support ships. During the attack more than 50 percent of the United States pacific fleet was out to sea including carriers. Nearby Hickman Field also fell victim of the surprise attack by the Japanese. 18 Army air corps including bombers, and fighters and attack bombers were destroyed or damaged on the ground during the attack. A few United States fighters struggled into the air against the invaders and gave a good account of themselves. Ground fire and United States pilots from various military installations on the inland of Oahu shot down a total of 29 Japanese fighters. The road to war between Japan and the United States began in the 1930's when differences over China drove the two nations apart. In 1931 Japan conquered Indonesia, which until then had been part of China. In 1937 Japan began a long and ultimately unsuccessful campaign to conquer the rest of China. In 1940 the Japanese government allied their country with Nazi Germany in the Axis Alliance, and, in the following year occupied all of Indonesia. The United States, which had important political and economic interests in East Asia, was alarmed by these Japanese moves. The United States increased military and financial aid to China, created a program of strengthening its military power in the Pacific and cut off the shipment of oil and other raw materials to Japan. Because Japan was poor in natural resources its government viewed these steps, especially the embargo on oil, as a threat to the nations survival. Japans' leaders responded by resolving to seize the resources and territories of Southeast Asia, even though that move would certainly result in war with the United States. The problem with the plan was the danger posed by the United States Pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbor. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto commander of the Japanese fleet devised a plan to immobilize the United States fleet at the out set of the war with a surprise attack.

Do Girls in Elementary Schools get better grades. Than boys when the achievement levels are the same?

Marion T. Academy Charter schools are one of the independent public schools in the US. A charter school that establishes each school in a performance contract detailing the scholastic mission, program, goals, and measures of success. They are accountable to their authorizers, parents, and to the public. It’s freed from bureaucracy that often found in traditional schools, charters design and deliver programs tailored to educational excellence for the student and community needs.The creation of the charter school legislation is intended to improve student learning; encourage the use of different and innovative or proven school environments in teaching and learning methods; and provide parents and students with improved measures of school performance and greater opportunities in choosing public schools within and outside their school districts; in order to provide a well-educated community. This research will discuss about the following concern namely:†¢ The Problem: Do girl s in elementary schools get better grades than boys even when the achievement level is the same? †¢ Interpretation of data school profile †¢ Measures applied for the problem †¢ Recommendations findings for the problem Page 3 Do girls in elementary schools get better grades than boys even when the achievement level is the same? Studies believe that both genetics and environment are a factor that can make girls more intelligent than the boys; nutrition is also a huge factor, for example, especially during the developmental years of the child.Some individuals are born with more innate math ability than others. Just as some people are born with radically different physical attributes, and capabilities, the same holds true for their mental attributes. Then, environment kicks in, which is also extremely powerful. In regards to whether males have more innate math ability and if females have more innate ability in verbal/language, most of the studies That have supported the h ypotheses that males have a genetic advantage in spatial-visual stuff, and that females have an advantage in language .Early in the 20th century-old study of researchers discovered that all tests of mental ability ranked individuals in about the same way. Although mental tests are often designed to measure specific domains of cognition–verbal fluency, say, or mathematical skill, spatial visualization or memory–people who do well on one kind of test tend to do well on the others, and people who do poorly intelligence generally do so across the board. This overlap, or Interco relation, suggests that all such tests measure some global element of intellectual ability as well as specific cognitive skills.In recent decades, psychologists have devoted much effort to test intelligent isolating that general factor, which is abbreviated, from the other aspects of cognitive ability gauged in mental tests. The statistical extraction of intelligent quotient is performed by a techni que called factor analysis. Introduced at the turn of the century by British Page 4 Psychologist Charles Spearman, factor analysis determines the minimum number of underlying dimensions necessary to explain a pattern of intelligence.The Interesting thing about the study was that sex hormones may play a part, which would explain why this could be accounted for partly through genetics, since the hormones kick in at puberty. I think this is obviously just the A general factor suffusing all tests is not, as is sometimes argued, a necessary outcome of factor analysis. No general factor has been found in the analysis of personality tests, for example; instead the method usually yields at least five dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to ideas), each relating to different subsets of tests.But, as Spearman observed, a general factor does emerge from analysis of mental ability tests, and leading psychologists, such as Arthur R. Jensen of the U niversity of California at Berkeley and John B. Carroll of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have at this point, and goes against much of gender feminism, although not â€Å"classic† feminism. According to recent studies, girls outperform boys in primary and secondary school and have higher high school graduation rates and higher rates of college admission.In Arizona, the disparity is startling: Statistics published online by State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Horne show that girls score more than five percent higher on the AIMS reading and writing sections at all four tested grade levels. Schools across America report having high female-to-male ratios on honor rolls and in Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate classes, according to The New York Times. For the Class of 2004 in Arizona, graduation rates among white students were 88.7 percent for females and 83. 7 percent for males. The percentage gaps were nearly identical for Hispanic, African-American and Asian-American students. Interpretation of data School profile Page 5 Marion T. Academy Charter School opened in September 2000. The Department of Education and State Board of Education approved this school. The plan for the school was to open with grades K-5 and then add a grade each year until the school was K-7.In September 2000, it opened at a temporary site in modular buildings at 97 Vandever Avenue on the east side of Wilmington, while a permanent facility was under construction. The first year, the school served approximately 400 students in grades K-5. During 2003-04 and the school enrolled approximately 600 students in grades K-8. In summer 2001, the school moved into a permanent facility at 1121 Thatcher Street on the east side of Wilmington, a few blocks away from the original temporary site.To accommodate additional students due to expansion, the school leased additional space at the Police Athletic League Building in Wilmington beginning in school year 2003-04. The school’s charter has been renewed by the Delaware Department of Education and State Board of Education for operation through school year 2007-08. The Secretary of Education and State Board of Education required that the school’s Marion T. Academy Charter School, offers classes for students in kindergarten through sixth grade.It's classified as being in or near a mid-sized city having a population less than 250,000 With 34 full-time classroom teachers, and the school has an approximate student population of 521 with a student/teacher ratio of 15. 6:1. This school allocates approximately $2,977 per pupil for instructional expenses. It is committed in providing a safe, nurturing and challenging learning environment, with the aim of producing responsible and productive citizens in the future. Marion T. Academy Problems encountered Page 6 Marion T. Academy encountered problems during the operations stated as follows:†¢ Marion T. Academy were not offer ed the school choice option and it failed to attempt to enter into a cooperative agreement with another LEA that would have allowed for parents of students with a home â€Å"feeder† school identified for the improvement to select choice options and transfer to a school not identified for improvement. †¢ Marion T. Academy did not budget funds for school choice of transportation to meet the federal spending requirement for school choice transportation costs This school does not have adequate funding to accommodate the transportation costs†¢ Associated with the school choice option of students had been offered and had exercised the school choice option. †¢ Two LEAS’ did not comply with supplemental educational service requirements. The SES parental notification letters sent by CSD and IRSD failed to include all of the information required by the ESEA. And the school had procedural failures contributing to the insufficient implementation of SES at one school . †¢ SES Notification Letters Deficiencies, are the delayed sending of important letters to the parents and other important persons for all the activities and all the achievement and problems of the students.